French Imperialism and the Struggles of Vietnam essays

French Imperialism and the Struggles of Vietnam essays Nguyen Thai Hoc tried to fight against the imperialism of the French, so he formed the Vietnamese Nationalist Party during the 1920s. Nguyen explains in his document, "Letter to the French Chamber of Deputies," how everyone has the right to defend his own land, and if the French are going to try and rule over his country, then why are Vietnamese treated in a completely different way from the French citizens? When looking at the French document entitled, "National Assembly, Declaration of the Rights of Man And Of The Citizen" one passage describes the rights of the French citizen. The documents states, Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights. How can a country that believes in these rights have the ability to take control over Vietnam and treat these native people with no respect or care for their well-being? Another intriguing document is Jules Ferry's Speech Before The National Assembly. Ferry points out how he feels that, Superior races have the rights over inferior races and that French Imperialism is a necessity that will benefit not only France but also Europe as a whole, as if that region is the only that matters. Ferry believes France is doing nothing wrong by taking over other countries, controlling how they live and what type of government they can and cannot have. Nguyen feels the French are holding back Vietnams chance of growing on its own and that the French need to leave. The document, by Phan Thanh Gian, entitled, "Letter To Emperor Tu Duc And Last Message to his Administrators, shows how the French came to Vietnam in the 1830s and ended up staying in Vietnam, sending more and more troops to fight against the Vietnamese. They did this until they sustained a sufficient amount of control over the country. The French kept expanding their power, and eventually the Viet namese had to give up their fight. It is very fascinating to read the idea...

History of Mandarin Chinese

History of Mandarin Chinese Mandarin Chinese is the official language of Mainland China and Taiwan, and its one of the official languages of Singapore and the United Nations. It is the most widely-spoken language in the world. Dialects Mandarin Chinese is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"dialect,† but the distinction between dialects and languages is not always clear. There are many different versions of Chinese spoken throughout China, and these are usually classified as dialects.   There are other Chinese dialects, such as Cantonese, which is spoken in Hong Kong, that are very distinct from Mandarin. However, many of these dialects use Chinese characters for their written form, so that Mandarin speakers and Cantonese speakers (for example) can understand each other through writing, even though the spoken languages are mutually unintelligible. Language Family and Groups Mandarin is part of the Chinese family of languages, which in turn is part of the Sino-Tibetan language group. All Chinese languages are tonal, which means that the way words are pronounced varies their meanings. Mandarin has ​four tones. Other Chinese languages have up to ten distinct tones. The word â€Å"Mandarin† actually has two meanings when referring to language. It can be used to refer to a particular group of languages, or more commonly, as the Beijing dialect that is the standard language of mainland China. The Mandarin group of languages includes standard Mandarin (the official language of mainland China), as well as Jin (or Jin-yu), a language spoken in the central-north region of China and inner Mongolia. Local Names for Mandarin The name â€Å"Mandarin† was first used by the Portuguese to refer to the magistrates of the Imperial Chinese court and the language they spoke. Mandarin is the term used through much of the Western world, but the Chinese themselves refer to the language as æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pÇ” tÃ… ng hu), å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guà ³ yÇ”), or è  ¯Ã¨ ¯ ­ (hu yÇ”). æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pÇ” tÃ… ng hu) literally means â€Å"common language† and is the term used in mainland China. Taiwan uses å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guà ³ yÇ”) which translates to national language, and Singapore and Malaysia refer to it as è  ¯Ã¨ ¯ ­ (hu yÇ”) which means Chinese language. How Mandarin Became Chinas Official Language Due to its immense geographic size, China has always been a land of many languages and dialects. Mandarin emerged as the language of the ruling class during the latter part of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The capital of China switched from Nanjing to Beijing in the latter part of the Ming Dynasty and remained in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). Since Mandarin is based on the Beijing dialect, it naturally became the official language of the court. Nonetheless, the large influx of officials from various parts of China meant that many dialects continued to be spoken at the Chinese court. It was not until 1909 that Mandarin became the national language of China, å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ ( guà ³ yÇ”). When the Qing Dynasty fell in 1912, the Republic of China maintained Mandarin as the official language. It was renamed æ™ ®Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¯  (pÇ” tÃ… ng hu) in 1955, but Taiwan continues to use the name å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­ (guà ³ yÇ”). Written Chinese As one of the Chinese languages, Mandarin uses Chinese characters for its writing system. Chinese characters have a history dating back more than two thousand years. The early forms of Chinese characters were pictographs (graphic representations of real objects), but characters became more stylized and came to represent ideas as well as objects. Each Chinese character represents a syllable of the spoken language. Characters represent words, but not every character is used independently. The Chinese writing system is very complex and the most difficult part of learning Mandarin. There are thousands of characters, and they must be memorized and practiced to master the written language. In an attempt to improve literacy, the Chinese government began simplifying characters in the 1950s. These simplified characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, and Malaysia, while Taiwan and Hong Kong still use the traditional characters. Romanization Students of Mandarin  outside of Chinese-speaking countries often use Romanization in place of Chinese characters when first learning the language. Romanization uses the Western (Roman) alphabet to represent the sounds of spoken Mandarin, so it is a bridge between learning the spoken language and beginning the study of Chinese characters. There are many systems of Romanization, but the most popular for teaching materials is Pinyin.

Economics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Essay

Economics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure - Essay Example The popularity of Guam as a tourist spot among Japanese could be attributed to the former’s location as well as alignment to East Asian culture. However, recently the set of Japanese tourists has been changed from the traditional set of middle-aged tourists; Guam is recently being viewed as a favorite weekend spot by the Japanese youth (Dougan, 2007). Given the tourism revenues which come from Japan, Guam thus needs to devise new strategies of attracting and retaining the new set of tourists. Marketing decisions are important in the tourism sector which is featured by a high degree of competition (Dasgupta, 2011). In the present case, marketing decisions are necessary to adopt by the Guamanian government to ensure that the Japanese prefer no other destination as a vacation spot. One important strategy they might adopt is to frame new tourism packages for the new set of tourists. In the era of globalization, youth generally are fonder of a culture inclined more towards the West, unlike the middle-aged population. Hence, Guam could pay greater attention to features which are more Western than Asian in order to retain their new set of visitors. It can easily gain the assistance of USA – of which Guam is a territory, in this regard. Simultaneously, they may not neglect their older features as well since such a step might bar the middle-aged population. Guam is more popular as a weekend spot which is why they might not need to hold back upon their traditional culture, as a method to attract the historical tourist. In addition to marketing decisions, the national administration needs to stay alert about the supply side factors as well in order to attract tourists. Supply decisions primarily include the method in which tour operators cater to the needs of visitors to the nation (Shaw & Williams, 2004). In this regard, the national administration could induce tour operators to enter into pacts with hotels so as to make the rates more

What is the 'risk' of thinking the security of liberal governance as Essay

What is the 'risk' of thinking the security of liberal governance as risk management - Essay Example s the most critical aspect of the governance and politics has its roots in the era emerging as an aftermath of the cold war which witnessed the collision of two super powers with each other and resulting split up of the one. What is however, critical to note that after the cold war era, the overall focus from assessing the dangers to the security to the overall risks that may be arising out of the changing situation? This transition from threat based assessment to risk based assessment as well as assuming probabilities and their impact therefore requires a comprehensive understanding of the overall risk approach that has been adapted. This transition therefore needs to be understood in larger context of the political as well as from international relations point of view. The 9/11 Commission also blamed the various security agencies for their failure to anticipate and imagine the threats that were being present to the security of the US. Similar findings were also present into the report of the Commission that probed the London Bombings and stressed on the need for developing the ability of the government agencies to look into the unknown and perceive the various risks that may be arising.(Goede, 2008). This approach therefore requires that the modern societies must develop their abilities to pre-empt the risks and have the required resources and will to combat such risks in different manners. The events of the 9/11 and 7/7 therefore also indicates towards the need for adapting an approach that will allow the governments and societies to bring forth changes that can safeguard them against the potential risks. Traditional methods of countering with the security threats therefore may not suffice given the fact that the world at large has became really fragmented and the conflict of interests between nations is becoming more vivid and threatening. It is argued that with the passage of time, the overall nature and orientation of the concept of risk and security has

Body Mass of Earthworms Essay Example for Free

Body Mass of Earthworms Essay Earthworms play an important role in the turnover of organic matter in soil and maintaining a good soil structure (Lavelle, 1988). Physical properties in soils improved by earthworms include improved aggregation, stability, and porosity. The soil biological and chemical properties of soils that may be modified include nutrient cycling (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus), organic matter decomposition rates, and chemical forms of nutrients in soil and their availability to plants. They also change the soil pH, organic matter dynamics in terms of quality and quantity, microbial and invertebrate activity, and diversity of the microflora and fauna (Lavelle et al. , 1998). Therefore, they are essential for plant growth especially in an extensive agricultural system, such as organic farming, which is based on nutrient release from turnover of organic matter. Earthworms can also be used as a source of protein for animal feed which had been reported to increase the growth of fish, chicken and piglets (Guerro, 1983; Jin-you et al., 1982; Edwards and Niederer, 1988). The mean amounts of essential amino acids recorded in earthworms are found to be very adequate for a good animal feed. Moreover, earthworm tissues contain a preponderance of long-chain fatty acids, many of which cannot be synthesized by non-ruminant animals and an adequate mineral content (Edwards and Niederer, 1988). Recently, the enzymes derived by the earthworms, lumbrokinase or earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes (EFE) which has anticoagulant (blood thinner) property is extensively being used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Following these valuable application of earthworms, the management of earthworm communities provides a promising field for innovation in agricultural practises. There are many factors affecting the growth and body mass of earthworms that need to be considered during cultivation of earthworms. The soil moisture obviously has an effect on the growth and activity of earthworms. Earthworms lose moisture through their cuticles, so they are very dependent on soil moisture. When soil moisture is optimum, earthworms increase in mass and in their activity if food sources are available (Lee, 1985; Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Another important factor is the additions of organic matter in the form of farmyard manure which have been found to increase earthworm populations under favourable soil conditions (Lofs-Holmin, 1983a; Hansen, 1996). Several studies found that the mass of earthworms were the highest in manured soil compared to unfertilized and mineral fertilized soils (Hansen and Engelstad,1999; Marhan and Scheu, 2005). The purpose of this study is therefore, was to identify the optimum soil moisture and level of fertilizer that can be used to increase the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. during cultivation. The worms of the genus Pheretima are indigenous to Southeast Asia (Edwards and Lofty, 1972), and widely distributed in tropical rainforests with strongly acid soils. There were two treatments being tested in this experiment. In the moisture content treatments, four different levels of moisture level in soil were compared. As for the fertilizer treatment, the goat manure was added at two different levels and was compared with an unfertilized control. Aim The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of moisture content and fertilizers on the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. under laboratory conditions. Any observed difference in body mass may then indicate the optimum soil moisture and fertilizer content which can improve the mass rearing of this species for commercial use. Materials and Methods Study site The study was carried out in the Animal House which is located at Level 8 of Building 3, Monash University, Sunway Campus commencing from 19th April 2010 to 10th May 2010 (22 days). The rearing conditions for Pheretima sp during the study consisted of containers (paper cup) held in continuous darkness at room temperature (25oC). Experimental design The earthworms, Pheretima sp. were obtained from a shop in Klang Valley. Each test container (paper cup) was inoculated with a sample size of five worms (n=5). Before the experiment commences, the initial body mass (Mi) of the worms in each containers was weighed using an analytical balance. Then, each container was added with 500 g of clay-brown soil which was obtained from the Green House of Monash University. Treatments used in this experiment are combinations of two factors, the level of fertilizer application and water application. The treatments were within a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. All replications of treatments are assigned completely at random to independent experimental subjects. The relationship between three different levels of fertilizer treatment and four different levels of moisture treatment as they relate to the changes in the body mass of earthworms was examined with a split-plot factorial ANOVA, where fertilizer was a between group factor, and moisture content was a within group factor. This resulted in 12 (4 treatment level x 3 replicates) moisture containers in each (three) groups of different level of fertilizer, which made a total of 36 experimental units.

alcohol and advertising Essay -- essays research papers fc

Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism and alcohol related disease. The alcohol and advertising industries argue that as alcoholic drink is a legal product it should be legally possible for it to be advertised, and that bans on alcohol advertising would have adverse effects on the alcohol market and on the media. They also argue that bans are not justified as advertising is concerned with promoting sales of individual brands and there is no evidence of a causal link between advertising and the overall level of alcohol consumption or the amount of alcohol related harm. The main arguments are that as well as promoting brands, advertising is also concerned with recruiting new drinkers and increasing sales among existing, and especially heavy consumers. (Fisher 22-24) Henry Saffer, a New York economist who focuses in alcohol research, assures that alcohol advertising is increasing traffic accidents and alcohol consumption. He declares,  ¡Ã‚ §Until now, most of the studies done on the subject conclude that alcohol advertising doesn...

Kelly’s Assignment in Japan Case Answers

Kelly’s Assignment in Japan Title: Solutions to Kelly’s Assignment in Japan Case Study Module Title and Number: Managing Across Borders MGT 3203 Date : January 28, 2013 Word Count : 1650 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERPAGE Introduction3 Culture Shock Stages Reflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Assessment of Clashes5 Successful International Assignments 5 Suggestions to Remedy the Situation6 Conclusion7 REFERENCES8 APPENDICES Appendix 1 10 Appendix 2 11 Appendix 3 13 INTRODUCTION The American and Japanese cultures have been compared in a general context for their contrasting values.In addition, the two cultures have been described as ‘‘polar extremes’’ by Barnlund (1975) as stated by (Khan et al. 2009) , pointing to Japanese being reserved and formal whereas the American being self-asserti ve and informal. When accepting assignments in foreign countries as expatriates, cultural differences are important to consider. More importantly, cross-cultural management is a matter an expatriate should be prepared for and which the company should give importance to. In this case, Kelly an American employee, who is a programme manager working in the US accepted an assignment in Tokyo, Japan.She had little time to decide but she accepted the offer and the family moved to Tokyo. This report starts with explaining the stages of culture shock the family experienced. The report then summarizes the cultural clashes that took place in the case which were a result of cultural differences and lack of orientation, preparation and training. After that, the report highlights the factors Kelly should have considered before accepting the offer and gives recommendations on how the company should have offered this international assignment.Finally, suggestions of what can be done to remedy the si tuation are proposed. CULTURE SHOCK STAGES REFLECTION (Answer to Second Question) Culture Shock as defined by the oxford dictionary is â€Å"the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone when they are suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes†. Culture Shock occurs in four main stages, which are clearly illustrated by Oberg’s U-Curve model (Refer to Appendix 1).Black and Mendenhall (1991) point out that it is the most commonly used model; therefore, it is utilized to analyze the culture shock stages Kelly and her family went through as follows: Stage One: The honeymoon stage is when individuals feel positive when being in a different culture. This took place when the family arrived and spent the weekend looking at the city. It was a holiday and positive feeling phase. This stage is also reflected on Kelly’s first day at work and her Husband’s first day setting up their new life in Japan. Their encouragement to be come acquainted is a reflection of the honeymoon stage.According to Uwaje (2009) the person in this stage can be described as interested, curious and open-minded. Stage Two: The crises stage occurs â€Å"when cultural differences result in problems at work, home and in daily living† (Deresky, 2011). This stage started to take place at the second working day when Kelly felt irritated by the Japanese because she did not receive the presentations. Moreover, all family members were experiencing this stage as feelings of rejection to the life style in Japan arose. In this case, the associations linked to the crises stage can be divided into two kinds.The first is work and school related, seeing that all family members are experiencing problems related to their professional lives. Likewise, language was a difficulty since differences in language may present a huge barrier as noted by Uwaje (2009). Language was an obstacle to Kelly’s children adjusting at school, Joe getting a job and Kelly communication complications. The second was home and daily life related. This included entertainment facilities (TV, Parks), social life, and even basics of life (food, language). A negative atmosphere was the feeling the family was experiencing.It is known that many individuals do not bypass this stage. Moreover, McFarland (2006) reported that 40% of expatriates fail to complete their abroad assignment. In this case, the crises stage lasted for 4 months. Kelly then realized that she had to make a decision between rejecting or accepting the assignment. Kelly and her family are experiencing a phase between the second and third stages of the cultural shock. Stage Three and Four: The Adjustment and Biculturalism stages are when individuals start to comprehend the new culture then accept and respect the cultural variations.Kelly is deciding on whether to adjust or not. If the family continues then they would move to the third stage. However, if they leave then they would not reach the third and fourth stages. ASSESSMENT OF CLASHES (Answer to First Question) Being in a different culture may result in clashes because peoples’ expectations, interpretations and values differ. In this case, many clashes occurred during the early culture shock stages with the Japanese but not the American or German team members whom values are similar to Kelly’s (Refer to Appendix 2 A and B).The clashes are linked to the differences between the American and Japanese national cultures. Therefore, Hofstede’s and Trompenaar’s frameworks are deployed to evaluate the clashes (Refer to Table Appendix 3) since these frameworks provide an excellent basis for understanding cultural differences (Higgs, 1994). These clashes can be seen when Kelly requested for separate presentations from every team member. This revealed the Japanese collective, high context and masculine culture and how different it is from the American culture.Moreover, the Americans an d Germans ,being affective cultures, accepted to talk about their achievements and families whereas the Japanese did not as they were more neutral and formal. In addition, Japan is known for its power distance culture where formalities especially with clients and employees who are of higher-level is a must. Adding to that, getting direct to business is accepted in the US due to its universalistic culture but not in Japan’s particulistic culture. The culture in Japan is also high context seeing that rejecting Kelly’s proposal was done in a nonverbal and implicit communication manner.The cultural clashes were also a result of unexpected living space, demographics and qualifications creating many conflicts. It can also be argued that if a Japanese colleague joined Kelly’s meeting with the client, a better negotiation outcome may have been a result. This is because understanding the client’s culture plays a crucial role in the negotiation process (Deresky, 20 11). Clashes were also related to the leisure aspect of life. In short, many cultural clashes due to both cultures different values arose throughout the case. SUCCESSFUL INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS Answer to Third Question) In this case both Kelly, and the company should have considered key factors to insure a successful international assignment as explained below: Employee Kelly should have given the decision more thought and time and should have asked for training. Moreover, she should have insured that there is a position for her husband and asked about the kids’ school while she was in the US. For instance, setting a video conference with the school’s management and class teachers could have been a way of knowing the atmosphere she will put her children in.Furthermore, a circulation of the team members CVs and setting a video conference with the team was necessary to avoid any misunderstandings regarding the team members’ demographics and qualifications. In ad dition, she should have planned for her life when they come back from Japan. Kelly should have asked about her position when she comes back and should have put her house on rent. Company Kelly was offered a tempting compensation package and her technical skills were considered when selecting her, but many key factors were not taken into consideration in the selection and training phases of this assignment.An expatriate selection must consider key success factors including, technical and management skills, one’s personality, emotional intelligence, adaptability and language (Parboteeah and Cullen, 2011). Moreover, training must consider several factors including employee orientation, concerned individuals orientation and perceptual and cultural toughness (Mndenhall and Oddou, 1985). The company should also follow up with the employee while they are in the foreign company and insure that repatriation is well planned (McFarland, 2006).In short, the company should have followed a n IHRM model to select, prepare and train Kelly and the concerned individuals minimizing failure risk. SUGGESTIONS TO REMEDY THE SITUATION (Answer to Forth Question) Kelly has two options; she can return to the US or continue her assignment in Japan. If Kelly chooses to return then she is taking the risk of loosing her job knowing that her husband already resigned and they sold their house. Therefore, Kelly may be in a better situation if she chooses to continue. She can look at her assignment in Japan as an opportunity that enhances her career path.Her management issues can be tackled, especially that she is now aware of the cultural differences. Kelly must request from the company to follow up with her and provide her and the team with comprehensive cross-cultural management training to avoid clashes and misunderstandings between team members, especially in the encoding and decoding of the communication process between the team members (Kwar, 2012). In terms of her husband, he wou ld be searching for a job whether in Japan or the US. The advantage of being in Japan is that his wife’s job is secure and the company indicated that they would support his job search.With regards to the children, the parents can explain to them the benefits of living in Japan. Inviting the children’s classmates may assist in overcoming the social discomfort the children are experiencing at school. The issues of the after school life can be resolved by subscribing with an American TV programs provider allowing them to watch the US programs. Moreover, the family can use a video calling system to interact with their family and friends and can arrange regular visits to the US. In short, taking corrective actions to support the success of the assignment is how to remedy the situation. CONCLUSIONAccepting an international assignment means agreeing to deal with a different culture from the employee’s home one. The selection, preparation and training of a potential exp atriate are key factors that reflect on the success of the international assignment. Failure to implement these factors may result in clashes in culture and the employee may not bypass the crises stage of the culture shock stages resulting is failure to achieve the company’s and employee’s goals. REFERENCES Black, S. and Mendenhall, M. , (1991). The U-Curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revisited: A Review and Theoretical Framework (June 1991).Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 225-247, 1991. Available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1805455 or http://dx. doi. org/10. 1057/palgrave. jibs. 8490301, viewed on 20th , December, 2012. Deresky, H. (2011). International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures (7th Edition) Pearson Higgs, M. (1994),†Global HR Management and Cross-cultural Issues†, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 1 Iss: 3 pp. 23 – 28, Available at: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/eb008379 , viewed on 20th , December 2012. Kawar, T. (2012). Cross-cultural Differences in Management', International Journal Of Business ; Social Science, 3, 6, pp. 105-111, Business Source Complete. Available at: http://mdx. summon. serialssolutions. com/search? s. q=Kawar%2C+T. +(2012). +'Cross-cultural+Differences+in+Management , viewed on 7th , January, 2013. Khan, M. ; Naumann, E. ; Bateman, R. and Haverila M. , (2009),†Cross-cultural comparison of customer satisfaction research: USA vs Japan†, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 21 Iss: 3 pp. 376 – 396, Permanent link to this document: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/13555850910973856 , viewed on 20th , December 2012.McFarland, J. (2006). ‘CULTURE SHOCK', Benefits Canada, 30, 1, p. 31, Business Source Complete. Available at: http://mdx. summon. serialssolutions. com/search? s. q=CULTURE+SHOCK+McFarland%2C+ , viewed on 20th , December 2012. Mendenhall, M, & Oddou, G 1985, ‘The Dimensions of E xpatriate Acculturation: A Review', Academy Of Management Review, 10, 1, pp. 39-47, Business Source Complete. Available at: http://mdx. summon. serialssolutions. com/search? s. q=The+Dimensions+of+Expatriate+Acculturation, viewed on 20th,January, 2013. Parboteeah K. & Cullen J. (2011) – Strategic International Management. 5th ed) Canada, Nelson Education, Ltd Vesa Peltokorpi (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19:9, 1588-1606. http://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/09585190802294903, viewed 20 December 2012. Uwaje, A. , (2009). Culture shock, Re-Integration and Re-Entry culture shock – Managing Cultural Differences. Munich Business School Thesis. Available at: http://www. munich-business-school. de/intercultural/index. php/Culture_shock,_Re-Integration_and_Re-Entry_culture_shock_-_Managing_Cultural_Differences , viewed on 20th , December 2012. Website: http://oxforddictionaries. om/definition/english/ culture Website:http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/culture%2Bshock? q=culture+shock Website:http://www. britishgermanassociation. org/special. php? pageno=20 Website: http://geert-hofstede. com/united-states. html Website: http://www. munich-business-school. de/intercultural/index. php/Image:Stages_of_culture_shock. jpg APPENDICES Appendix 1 Figure of Culture Shock Stages Source: http://www. munich-business-school. de/intercultural/index. php/Image:Stages_of_culture_shock. jpg Appendix 2 Figure A: Comparison of USA and Japan Hofstede’s Value Dimensions Source: http://geert-hofstede. com/united-states. tml Figure B: Comparison of USA and Germany Hofstede’s Value Dimensions Source: http://geert-hofstede. com/united-states. html Appendix 3 Illustration of Hofstede’s , and Trompenaars’s frameworks with regards to comparing the American and Japanese national cultures. (Deresky, 2011) and (Parboteeah and Cullen , 2011). The table demonstrates the dimensions each research tested. It then states the scores or levels the USA and Japan were given and explains the clash or conflict that took place in Kelly’s Assignment Dimension | USA: Score and Description| Japan: Score and Description| Clash | Hofstede’s Model of National Culture |Power Distance â€Å"Individuals in societies are not equal†| Score: 40Hierarchy is for convenience as the manager or boss is accessible. S/he depends on employees’ expertise. Moreover, communication is informal. | Score: 54 Japan is a mildly hierarchical society compared to other Asian cultures. | Kelly being informal with the Japanese Client was not acceptable. This is seen when she asked for his name, was close to him in terms of distance and patted him on the back. Kelly being friendly with the client creating an embarrassing atmosphere. | Individualism/Collectivism â€Å"I† or â€Å"We†| Score: 91 Individual achievement is seen ideal.Moreover, as America ns do business with strangers so often, they tend not to be shy to approach people in the business world in order to obtain information. They are expected to take initiatives. | Scores: 46 Group decision making is perceived as best. Japanese society is a collectivist one where they work as a group and even decide as a group. | The Japanese employees did not feel motivated when Kelly asked them to present their ideas individually because they come from a culture where consensus plays a major role when making decisions.Kelly comes from an individualistic culture where achievement is all about â€Å"me† and presenting one’s own ideas is an opportunity to achieve recognition. The Japanese culture is collective and they work in groups unlike America’s culture which is more individualistic. | Masculinity / Femininity| Score: 62Americans believe that a person should strive to be the best and find it acceptable to talk about one’s achievements. | Score: 95Japan i s known to be one of the most masculine societies worldwide. | It is difficult for the Japanese to accept a female boss.The team didn’t expect Kelly, the new boss, to me a female. The Japanese addressed their work to Peter instead of Kelly. This is due to either Kelly being a female in a masculine culture or because Kelly asked peter to intervene and they took it sensitively. The client did not direct his questions to Kelly might be because Japan’s culture is masculine. | Uncertainty Avoidance  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Score: 46 Americans accept the unknown meaning the society accepts: Innovation, new ideas and new practices. | Score: 92 Japan score is one of the highest worldwide. It is difficult to see changes in their culture. Opportunity: For Kelly as an American, it’s easier to adjust to a new culture than others who score high in uncertainty avoidance. This includes the Japanese ideas at work, food and lifestyle. | Long-term Orientation | Score: 29 USA is a short-term oriented culture. Americans value quick results at work. | Score: 80 Japan is a long-term oriented culture. Long-term returns are more important than short-term returns). | This dimension may have not been taken into consideration when Kelly finalized the report and may have been a reason on why the proposal was rejected. | 7 d Cultural Dimensions Model by Trompenaars|Universalism versus Particularism| US is high in applying rules and systems | Japan is low and deals with others based on personal relationships| Kelly wanted to present directly instead of first building a relationship with the client. However , getting direct to business in the US business world is accepted due to its universalistic culture but not in Japan due to its particulistic culture. | Neutral versus Affective â€Å"Express emotions even in business†| 54 US medium| 98 Japan very high and consider expressing feelings at work unprofessional| Kelly created an awkward situation when she asked the Japanese a bout their families.The result of being informal with them was opposite to lightning up the atmosphere which is what Kelly was trying to do. | Specific versus Diffuse â€Å"separate work from personal issues and relationships and more open and direct†| 77 US is highly specific| 57 Japan medium| The outing after work wasn’t accepted by Kelly as she comes from a highly specific culture| Achievement versus Ascription| 97 Status is based on achievement| 53 Status is based on class, age, gender etc. Kelly is not seen as having the authority by the Japanese because of her gender| Past , Present, Future or mixture| US is future oriented which implies that change is beneficial | Not applicable to the case| | Control of versus Nature| Not applicable to the case| Not applicable to the case| | Individualism| 77| 6| Mentioned in Hofstede Dimensions| High verses Low Context| US is low| Japan is High| The Japanese did not inform Kelly that they prefer to do work in groups, they did not give previous notice about the presentation delay.They did not speak about the way they prefer to work and used body language more than word expressions. The client had little eye contact with Kelly and was not frank with her regarding his opinion on whether they will accept the proposal or not. The client’s nonverbal communication through lowering his